Phonetics
Stress in
three-syllable nouns:
confusion, Internet, animal, groundwater ...
Grammar
Reported
speech
"The trees we planted last year have
doubled in size."
→ They said that the trees they had planted
the year before had doubled in size.
"Use the web search engine to find
information."
→ We told him to use the web search engine
to find information.
Vocabulary
Words and
phrases related to environmental impacts and ways to protect the environment
atmosphere,
greenhouse effect, ...
I. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word whose underlined
part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following
questions.
1. A. newsletter B. preservation C. greenhouse D. result
2. A. focus B. topic C. most D. follow
3. A. threats B. stages C. levels D. ideas
4. A. environmental B. depletion C. melt D.
chemical
5. A. pollution B. destruction C. consumption D. reduction
II. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word that differs
from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following
questions.
1. A. environs B.
pollution C. influence D. removal
2. A. depletion B. preserving C. chemical D.
disposal
3. A. animal B.
protection C. confusion D. disaster
4. A. neighborhood B. pollutant C. energy D.
scientist
5. A. factory B. extinction C. resources D. awareness
III. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the underlined part that
needs correction in each of the following sentences.
2. As our actions have
been not in favor of protect this planet, we have seen natural
disasters striking us more
A B C D
often in the form of flash
floods, tsunamis and cyclones.
3.
4. If you look at the
environment around us, you can see that there is a number of issues
that come to our
A B C D
attention.
5. Soil contamination is
majorly created by mechanical waste that takes supplements out of
soil.
A B C D
IV. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to
each of the following sentences.
1. Burning yard waste releases
mold spores, soot, and other contaminants that can aggravate allergies and
cause ____ problems.
A. respirator B. respiration C. respiratory D. respired
2. Waste from industrial and
agricultural ____ pollutes the water that is used by humans, animals and
plants.
A. acts B. actions C. interactions D. activities
3. Land pollution can have huge
environmental impact ____ the form of air pollution and soil pollution which in
turn can have adverse effect on human health.
A. on B. in C. to D. with
4. Fossil fuel utilization brings
about discharge of greenhouse gases, ____ causes environmental change.
A. which B. that C. it D. they
5. At present, timberlands cover
30% of the area, but wooded areas are being lost ____ a regular basis because
people are looking for homes, food, and materials.
A. by B. with C. at D. on
6. Genetic engineering of food
brings about expanded poisons and sicknesses ____ qualities from a
hypersensitive plant can exchange to target plants.
A. so B. that C. as D. though
7. The number of inhabitants on
the planet ____ arriving at unsustainable levels as it confronts deficiency of
assets like water, fuel and food.
A. is B. are C. have been D. had been
8. Consumption of fossil fuels at
an alarming rate can ____ to global warming which can further result in melting
of polar ice caps and increase in sea levels.
A. lead B. drive C. attach D. run
9. Natural disasters like
earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, cyclones, volcanic eruption can be
unpredictable, ____ and can cause irreparable damage.
A. devastated B. devastating C. devastative D. devastatingly
10. Radioactive waste is
considered ____ harmful for humans, plants, animals and surrounding
environment.
A. to be B. be C. being D. been
11. Modern day agriculture
practices ____ chemical products like pesticides and fertilizers to deal with
local pests.
A. have a use
for B. find a use for C. make use of D. come into use
12. Noise pollution is a common
form of pollution that causes temporary disruption ____ there is excessive
amount of unpleasant noise.
A. where B. that C. how D. when
13. Medical waste is any kind of
waste that ____ in large quantity by healthcare centers like hospitals, nursing
homes, dental clinics and is considered to be of a bio-hazardous nature.
A. produces B. produce C. is produced D. has produced
14. Landfills are generated due
to large amount of waste that is generated ____ households, industries and
healthcare centers every day.
A. for B. in C. at D. by
15. Current environmental
problems make us vulnerable ____ disasters and tragedies, now and in the
future.
A. with B. at C. in D. to
16. ____ we address the various
issues prudently and seriously, we are surely doomed for disaster.
A. If B. When C. Unless D. Though
17. Human activity is leading to
the extinction of species and habitats and ____ of bio-diversity.
A. lose B. losing C. loss D. lost
18. The ozone layer is an
invisible layer of protection around the planet that protects us ____ the sun's
harmful rays.
A. away with B. from C. under D.
out of
19. Deforestation simply means
clearing of the green cover and making that land available ____ residential,
industrial or commercial purpose.
A. on B. by C. for D. to
20. Depletion of the crucial Ozone
layer of the atmosphere is ____ to pollution caused by Chlorine and Bromide
found in Chlorofloro carbons (CFC's).
A. attributed B. subjected C. indebted D. entitled
21. Acid rain can be caused due
to combustion of fossil fuels or erupting volcanoes or rotting vegetation which
____ sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere.
A. release B. releases C. is releasing D. have released
22. The more rubbish people throw
away, ____ to protect the environment.
A. it is more
irresponsible of them B.
it is the more irresponsible of them
C. it is of them
more irresponsible D.
the more irresponsible it is of them
23. Recycling minimizes the need
for raw materials ____ the rainforests can be preserved.
A. so B. so that C. such that D. that
24. "Are you going to join
the green city campaign?" “____.”
A. Surely, I
am B. No, not mine C. None of that D. Just kidding
25. "Do you recycle
anything?" “____.”
A. Yes, I
recycle glass bottles B.
I've bought a lot of recycled things
C. I have a
lot of things D.
How to recycle is easy
26. As the human population grows
and grows, natural resources are being used at a rapid rate, and large areas of
forest are being converted ____ human use.
A. for B. to C. into D. in
27. By using the environment
sustainably, the environment and the natural resources ____ provides will not
be depleted or destroyed permanently - and will be available for human use for
a very long time.
A. that B. which C. what D. it
28. Preservationists believe that
humans can have access to the land, but they should only utilize it for ____ natural
beauty and inspiration.
A. the B. their C. its D. those
29. Biological diversity, or
biodiversity, is the variety of life either in a particular place or on the
entire Earth, ____ its ecosystems, species, populations, and genes.
A. include B. includes C. including D. inclusive
30. To help save the environment,
try ____ energy and water consumption, changing your eating and transportation
habits to conserve natural resources, and adapting your home and yard to be
more environmentally friendly.
A. decrease B. to decrease C. decreased D. decreasing
VI. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the sentence that is
closest in meaning to each of the following sentences.
2. "In China, waste is
growing twice as fast as the population," the lecturer said.
A. The
lecturer said that in China, waste was growing twice as fast as the population.
B. The
lecturer said that in China, waste is growing twice as fast as the population.
C. The
lecturer said that in China, waste has been growing twice as fast as the
population.
D. The
lecturer said that in China, waste had been growing twice as fast as the
population.
3. "Which cities have the
worst waste problem?" The student asked the teacher.
A. The student
asked the teacher for which cities had the worst waste problem.
B. The student
asked the teacher to tell him which cities had the worst waste problem.
C. The student
asked the teacher which cities had the worst waste problem.
D. The student
asked the teacher which cities had had the worst waste problem.
4. "How to stop humans from
filling the world with trash?"
A.
Environmentalists are wondering how to stop humans from filling the world with
trash.
B.
Environmentalists are wondering how humans can stop filling the world with trash.
C.
Environmentalists were wondering how humans could stop filling the world with
trash.
D.
Environmentalists were wondering how to stop humans from filling the world with
trash.
5. "Where does all our
rubbish go?"
A. We will not
know where all our rubbish goes.
B. We should
know where all our rubbish goes.
C. We did not
know where all our rubbish goes.
D. We will
never know where all our rubbish went.
VII. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the sentence that best
combines each pair of sentences given.
1. Trees should be planted
everywhere possible. Trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas.
A. Trees,
which should be planted everywhere possible, absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse
gas.
B. Trees
should be planted everywhere possible as they absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse
gas.
C. Trees
should be planted everywhere possible to be able to absorb carbon dioxide, a
greenhouse gas.
D. Trees
should be planted everywhere possible where they absorb carbon dioxide, a
greenhouse gas.
2. Habitat destruction is a major
cause for biodiversity loss. Habitat destruction is caused by deforestation,
overpopulation, pollution and global warming.
A. Habitat
destruction is a major cause for biodiversity loss which is caused by deforestation,
overpopulation, pollution and global warming.
B. Habitat
destruction due to deforestation, overpopulation, pollution and global warming
is a major cause for biodiversity loss.
C.
Biodiversity loss is caused by habitat destruction that also causes
deforestation, overpopulation, pollution and global warming.
D.
Biodiversity loss caused by habitat destruction causes deforestation, overpopulation,
pollution and global warming.
3. To conserve fossil fuels
people can choose to use hybrid cars. Some of these cars will run on
electricity combined with using small amounts of gas.
A. To conserve
fossil fuels people can choose to use hybrid cars, some of which will run on
electricity combined with using small amounts of gas.
B. To conserve
fossil fuels people can choose to use hybrid cars which will run on electricity
combined with using small amounts of gas.
C. To conserve
fossil fuels people can choose to use hybrid cars, some will run on electricity
combined with using small amounts of gas.
D. To conserve
fossil fuels people can choose to use hybrid cars, they will run on electricity
combined with using small amounts of gas.
4. Biodiversity has its own
economic importance. Protection of biodiversity is important.
A.
Biodiversity has its own economic importance, so protection of biodiversity is important.
B.
Biodiversity has its own economic importance that protection of biodiversity is
important.
C. Protection
of biodiversity is so important that biodiversity has its own economic importance.
D. Protection
of biodiversity is important to make biodiversity have its own economic
importance.
5. One should understand and know
the importance of recycling waste materials. One simple benefit of recycling is
it saves our resources.
A. One should
understand and know the importance of recycling waste materials, that one
simple benefit of recycling is it saves our resources.
B. One should
understand and know the importance of recycling waste materials, one simple
benefit of recycling is it saves our resources.
C. One should
understand and know the importance of recycling waste materials, one simple
benefit of which is it saves our resources.
D. One should
understand and know the importance of recycling waste materials as one simple
benefit of recycling is it saves our resources.
VIII. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to
indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.
The global
warming controversy is an ongoing dispute about the effects of humans (1) ____ global
climate and about what policies should be (2) ____ to avoid possible
undesirable effects of climate change.
The current
scientific consensus on climate change is (3) ____ recent warming indicates a
fairly stable long-term trend, that the trend is largely human-caused, and that
serious damage may result (4) ____ some future date if steps are not (5) ____
to halt the trend.
Mainstream (6)
____ organizations worldwide (Royal Society, American Geophysical Union, Joint
Science Academies, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, American
Meteorological Society, and American Association for the Advancement of
Science) (7) ____ with the assessment that most of the (8) ____ warming over
the last 50 years is likely to (9) ____ due to the human-caused increase in
greenhouse gas concentrations.
However, there
is also a small but vocal number of scientists in climate and (10) ____ fields
that disagree with the consensus view.
1. A. to B. in C. on D. about
2. A. implement B. implements C. implementing D. implemented
3. A. that B. it C. the D. what
4. A. from B. in C. on D. at
5. A. done B. made C. taken D. struck
6. A. science B. scientific C. scientist D. scientifically
7. A. share B. confront C. face D. concur
8. A. observable B. observing C. observed D. observation
9. A. be B. have been C. being D.
having been
10. A. climate-relating B. climate-related C. climatic-relating D. climatic-related
X. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to
indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Those who are
concerned with protecting the environment often use the words conservation and
preservation. These two terms are often confused and are used to mean the same
thing, although differences exist.
Conservation
is the sustainable use and management of natural resources including wildlife,
water, air, and earth deposits. Natural resources may be renewable or
non-renewable. The conservation of renewable resources like trees involves
ensuring that they are not consumed
faster than they can be replaced. The conservation of non-renewable resources
like fossil fuels involves ensuring that sufficient quantities are maintained
for future generations to utilise. Conservation of natural resources usually
focuses on the needs and interests of human beings, for example the biological,
economic, cultural and recreational values such resources have. The rain forest
for example, contains a wide range of biodiversity, providing food stocks for local
populations and a source of timber and medicines for other countries.
Conservationists accept that development is necessary for a better future, but
only when the changes take place in ways that are not wasteful. What the
conservationist opposes is not the harnessing
of nature for mankind's progression, but the fact that all too often the
environment comes off the worse for wear.
Preservation,
in contrast to conservation, attempts to maintain in their present condition
areas of the Earth that are so far untouched by humans. This is due to the
concern that mankind is encroaching onto the environment at such a rate that
many untamed landscapes are being
given over to farming, industry, housing, tourism and other human developments,
and that we are losing too much of what is 'natural'. Like conservationists,
some preservationists support the protection of nature for purely human-centred
reasons. Stronger advocates of
preservation however, adopt a less human-centred approach to environmental
protection, placing a value on nature that does not relate to the needs and
interests of human beings. Deep green ecology argues that ecosystems and
individual species should be preserved whatever the cost, regardless of their
usefulness to humans, and even if their continued existence would prove harmful
to us. This follows from the belief that every living thing has a right to
exist and should be preserved.
1. What should be the best title
of the passage?
A.
Conservation and Preservation B.
Conservation or Preservation
C.
Conservation, not Preservation D.
Conservation for Preservation
2. The word "they" in the passage refers to
____.
A. trees B. renewable resources C. natural resources D. deposits
3. According to the passage,
conservationists support all of the following EXCEPT that ____.
A.
non-renewable resources must be sufficiently saved for future generations
B. renewable
resources must not be consumed faster than they can be replaced
C.
conservation focuses on the needs and interests of human beings properly
D. any changes
can be taken so that humans beings develop for a better future
3. The rain forest is mentioned
in the passage as an example of ____.
A. natural
tourist attractions
B. sources of
medicines for people
C. where local
people can find and keep food stocks
D. how natural
resources are valuable to humans
5. The word "harnessing" in the passage can be
best replaced with ____.
A. exploitation B.
usage C. consumption D. production
6. The phrase "the worse for wear" in the passage
most likely describes a state of being ____.
A. exhausted B. worn out C. used up D. run out
7. According to the passage,
reservation generally refers to which of the following?
A. that the
natural resources exist not for humans' need
B. making sure
that no resources are used in a wasteful way
C. saving
natural resources for future generations' needs and interests
D. maintaining
the untouched areas of the Earth in their current state
8. The word "untamed" in the passage almost
means ____.
A. not having
been explored B.
having been reconstructed
C. not having
been visited D.
having been industrialized
9. The word "advocates" in the passage can be
best replaced with ____.
A. fans B.
supporters C. holders D. fighters
10. It can be learnt from the
passage that both 'conservationists' and 'reservationists' ____.
A. focus on
the needs and interests of human beings
B. protect the
natural resources for the sake of themselves
C. work to
protect the Earth and its biodiversity
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